The video lesson for this unit is recorded and waiting to be published. Until it is, the
rules and the method below carry everything this session needs; watching is a way of hearing it, not the only
way of getting it.
The reading
No written reading for this unit yet. The rules and the method below,
and the practice questions, still carry everything this session needs.
What this unit turns on
Read these before the questions, not after them. Everything here traces to this
module's own lesson and to the 2026 outline.
No written rules are authored for this module yet. The questions below still carry a full explanation on every choice, and the next authoring lane closes this gap.
The practice run
Pick an answer, say how sure you are, then reveal. Being sure and wrong is the most
useful thing that can happen in a session, so answer honestly: it sends the unit back to learning and puts it
at the front of your revision queue.
Question 1Exam level
A private equity fund has $500M in committed capital. During year 1, the GP charges a 2% management fee but has only deployed $200M. The management fee for year 1 is closest to:
How sure are you?
Correct: B. Management fees are charged on COMMITTED capital ($500M), not invested capital ($200M). 2% × $500M = $10M. This is the core J-curve trap. Fees drain returns before investments mature.
A. You might be tempted to calculate the fee based on the deployed capital of $200M, leading to $4 million, but management fees are actually calculated on the committed capital of $500M, not the deployed amount, thus the correct fee is $10 million.
C. You might be tempted to calculate the fee based on the deployed capital of $200M, leading to $6 million, but management fees are actually calculated on the committed capital of $500M, not the deployed amount, thus the correct fee is $10 million.
A PE fund invests $100M in a company with 70% debt financing. After 5 years, the company is sold for $300M. The debt has been repaid to $50M. The equity return (MOIC) is closest to:
How sure are you?
Correct: B. Initial equity = 30% × $100M = $30M. Exit equity = $300M sale price − $50M remaining debt = $250M equity. MOIC = $250M / $30M = 8.3x. Leverage dramatically amplifies equity returns when exits are successful.
A. You might be tempted to choose 3.0x if you only considered the overall sale price to initial investment ratio, ignoring the remaining debt and focusing solely on the total return, which would incorrectly suggest a 3x multiple. However, this overlooks the equity return calculation, which requires subtracting the remaining debt from the sale price to determine the true equity value, leading to the correct MOIC of 8.3x.
C. You might be tempted to choose 2.5x if you mistakenly calculated the return based on the initial total investment rather than the equity portion, ignoring the impact of debt financing which is crucial for accurately calculating MOIC.
Which of the following BEST describes the clawback provision in a PE fund?
How sure are you?
Correct: B. Clawback protects LPs. If a GP earned carry on early winning exits, but later losses drag the total fund return below the hurdle rate, the GP must return the excess carry. It ensures GP incentives align with the full fund lifecycle, not just early wins.
A. You might be misled by the idea that LPs could be responsible for returning capital, but clawback provisions specifically target GPs to return carried interest, not LPs to return distributions, ensuring GPs are accountable for the overall fund performance.
C. You might be tempted by choice C because it seems like a way for the fund to manage liquidity, but recall provisions typically do not allow for the mandatory return of undrawn capital, which is distinct from the clawback mechanism that specifically targets the return of carried interest when fund returns fall below the hurdle rate.
The J-curve in private equity most likely refers to the pattern where:
How sure are you?
Correct: B. The J-curve shows negative returns early (management fees charged on committed capital + early write-downs of investments) followed by a recovery as successful portfolio companies exit. The 'J' shape comes from the dip below zero followed by an upswing. Average PE fund sees negative IRR in years 1-3, recovering years 4-7.
A. You might be thinking that early investments quickly appreciate, making the NAV rise, but this overlooks the initial negative cash flows from fees and unrealized losses that characterize the J-curve, which instead shows negative returns early on before turning positive as exits occur.
C. You might expect a private equity fund's IRR to climb steadily every year, the way a savings account compounds. That is not how committed capital works: management fees are charged from day one on the full commitment, and early portfolio companies get written down before they mature, so IRR runs negative in the fund's early years. It only turns positive once successful companies begin exiting, producing the dip then rise J shape, not a straight upward line.
In comparing venture capital to leveraged buyouts, which statement is MOST accurate?
How sure are you?
Correct: C. VC: minority stakes, no debt, early-stage companies with high growth potential. LBO: control stakes (80-100%), heavy debt (60-70% of purchase price), mature companies with stable cash flows to service debt. They are structurally opposite strategies.
A. You might be tempted to think that VC uses leverage to amplify returns like LBOs, but VC typically does not use leverage at all, focusing instead on equity investments in high-growth companies, whereas LBOs heavily rely on debt to finance acquisitions of mature companies.
B. You might be misled by the idea that early-stage companies need more financial restructuring, but LBOs actually target mature companies with stable cash flows to service debt, not early-stage companies, which contrasts with VC's focus on high-growth, early-stage firms.
A PE fund GP earns a 20% carried interest after an 8% hurdle rate. The fund generates a 22% return on $400M committed capital. What is the GP's carried interest closest to?
A. You might be tempted to calculate the carried interest on the total profit, leading to $17.6 million, but this approach ignores the hurdle rate, which specifies that the carried interest is only on the profit above the 8% hurdle, not the total return.
C. You might be tempted to calculate the carried interest on the total profit, leading to $22.4 million, but this approach ignores the hurdle rate, which stipulates that the carried interest is only calculated on the profit above the 8% hurdle, not the total profit.